The History of Growth - Free Essay Example

History of Growth Since 1914, the first scheduled air service began in Florida, air travel industry has been facilitating economic growth, world trade, global integration and tourism industry over the last century. In North American, airline industry has undergone a significant development since the end of World War II. As the important of air transport has been recognized through the war, the demand for civil air transport grew explosively. Many airlines had opportunities to increase their fleets and operate new routes (Airline for America, 2007). In 1978, Congress passed the Airline Deregulation Act that transferred the control right over airline industry from the government to the market. The deregulation and liberalization widely spread from U.S. to the entire world that helped shape the evolution of the competitive international airline industry (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007). In Canada, the government fully deregulated airline industry in 1987 and adopted the Blue Sky Policy to encourage the liberalization of Air Transport Agreements in 2006(Transport Canada, 2012). At the beginning of the 21st century, airline industry experienced a financial crisis because of the global economic recession. Even worse, the September 11 terrorist attacks aggravated the industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s difficult situation. The safety and security issues became critical to both airlines and passengers. From 2001 to 2005, th e net losses of U.S. airline industry were over $40 billion (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007). In 2008, the whole airline industry once again faced serious challenge from high fuel prices and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Great Recessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The operating profitability in 2008 is dropped from 4% gain in previous year to a disappointing loss of 1% (International Air Transport Association, 2010). Life Cycle: Maturity The current life cycle of Canadian airline industry is in the stage of maturity. The industry growth has decelerated and the competition is aggressive. The industry performance often fluctuates with the economy. As the result of the low industry profitability, cost management and efficiency improvement became the major strategic targets of airline industry instead of capacity growth. According to the data in Airlines Industry Profile: Canada (2005), the global economic downturn resulted in the Canadian airline industry presenting a negative compound annual rate of change of 4.4% over the 2000 to 2004 period. The demand of industry declined until 2003 that remained unchanged in the period 2000-2004. Facing the brutal market competition, airline mergers and acquisitions have been prevailing across the entire industry. In 2000, Air Canada increased their market share by the acquisition of and merger with their largest competitors Canadian Airlines. Although the performance had been im proved over 2005-2008, following the global airlines industry trend, Canadian airline industry suffered another decline in 2009 because of the high fuel price, disappointing demand and the economic recession. Over the last five years, the industry revenue growth was slightly below the Canada GDP growth after the recession. The data of Airlines Industry Profile: Canada (2014) showed that the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the industry in the period 2009-2013 was 7.1%, while GDP grew at the compound annual rate of 8.5% over the same period. Looking forward, the growth of the industry is predicted to slow down with a CAGR of 3.8% for the next five years. Structure Legacy carriers often refer to airlines that established before the deregulation. They usually own more luxury aircrafts and offer first and business class seating with higher level of services. After the airline industry deregulation, legacy carriers started to use a hub-and-spoke system to organize their flights. The system allows airline to select some airports in major cities as hubs and connect to other cities as spokes. It provides less number of routes with more frequent services which increases the transportation resource efficiency. In addition, the system also allows legacy carriers to provide international long-haul flights. Therefore, in order to take advantage of competition among the major international gateways, domestic carriers have built alliance relationship with foreign carriers. Canadian air carriers can benefit from the alliance because of its important geographic location (Madore Shaw, 1993). Today Star Alliance is the largest global airline alliance with 26 member airlines including Air Canada. Competing against legacy carriers, low cost carriers have played a key role in short-haul domestic routes by using point-to-point system. Instead of stopover at hub, point-to-point system reduces connections and travel time. The low cost carriers expanded their significant market share during economic crisis in 2000. They offered lower fares and less services to attract price sensitive consumers. The most successful part of low cost carriers is the higher labor productivity than legacy carriers. The flexible work culture and cross-utilization employees create a labor cost advantage for low cost carriers (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007). Economics Airline industry is one of the lowest returns on invested capital among all the industries, which on average the returns hardly meet investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ earning expectation. The averaged ROIC of global airline industry is 4.1% over the period 2004 to 2011, which is enable the industry to pay for its debt interest costs and small dividend. However, it was still far below the average cost of capital of 7.5 %( IATA, 2013). According to the IATA Industry Statistics (2014), the revenue of global commercial airlines in 2013 was $710 billion, and the net profit was 10.6 million, only a 1.5% margin on revenues. The global airline industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fuel cost accounted for 30% of the total $690 billion operating expense, which continues to be the largest proportion of operating cost. The total fuel bill of $210 billion, compared with the industry profits of 10.6 billion, showed that the entire airline industry facing the structural issues that squeeze the profit too thin. F or North American market, the net profit in 2013 was $7 billion, and EBIT margin was 5.3% on revenues, which was higher than the other regions (IATA, 2014). In Canada, the airline industry value was $17255.6 million last year, and the market volume was 59.5 million passengers. For Canadian airline industry, domestic is always the largest segment of the total volume (Martketline, 2014). Technology Since the rising fuel price and air pollution are two most important issues for aviation, the airline industry has been developing technologies that would improve the aircrafts fuel efficiency throughout the years. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization environment report (2010), compared with aircraft in 1985, modern aircraft has reduced 15% fuel burn and deliver 40% lower carbon dioxide emissions. In 2007, the government of Canada launched the Strategic Aerospace and Defence Initiative (SADI) to encourage research and development of strategic innovative projects in the aerospace and defence sectors. The SADI has invested $300 million to improve aircraft engine technology and fuel consumption (Finance Canada, 2013). Three significant technologies in aircraft design are prevailing in the industry. The first is weight reduction, which can maximum the carrierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s load factor using same amount of fuel burn. Future aircraft will have 70% advanced mate rial, including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“composite wings and parts of the fuselageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to reduce 15% weight. The second is aerodynamics improvements that reduce friction drag and maintain optimal laminar flow. The potential application areas are wings, nacelles, empennages and winglets. The last one is engine-specific performance improvement, which can provide clean and efficient power. The achievement of engine improvement in last ten years provided 2% fuel consumption improvement. As the technology matures, new engine is expected to save 15% fuel consumption (ICAO, 2010, p.74-75). Reference: Airline for America. (2007). Airline Handbook. Retrieved from https://www.airlines.org/Pages/Airline-Handbook-Chapter-1-Brief-History-of-Aviation.aspx International Air Transport Association. (2010). Airline Profits 2008. Retrieved from https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Airline_2008_Profits_Feb2010.pdf Transport Canada. (2012). The 2006 Blue Sky Policy: Objectives, Principles, and Approach. Retrieved from https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Airline_2008_Profits_Feb2010.pdf International Air Transport Association. (2013). Profitability and the air transport value chain. Retrieved from https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/profitability-and-the-air-transport-value chain.pdf Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2007). Airline Industry Overview. Retrieved from https://web.mit.edu/airlines/analysis/analysis_airline_industry.html Madore, O., Shaw, J. D. (1993). The Canadian airline industry: its structure, performance and prosp ect. Retrieved from https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp329-e.htm#A. Industry Marketline. (2014). Airline Industry Profile: Canada. Retrieved from https://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/bsi/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?si[email  protected]/* */vid=15hid=112 Datamonitor. (2005). Airline Industry Profile: Canada. Retrieved from https://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/bsi/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?si[email  protected]/* */vid=2hid=112 Finance Canada. (2013). Budget Plan 2013. Retrieved from https://www.fin.gc.ca/new_template/2013/doc/plan/toc-tdm-eng.html International Civil Aviation Organization. (2010). ICAO Environmental Report 2010. Retrieved from https://www.fin.gc.ca/new_template/2013/doc/plan/toc-tdm-eng.html Fact sheet: https://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/Documents/industry-facts.pdf

Beyonce Lemonade Essay Topics - How to Write Better Essays Online

Beyonce Lemonade Essay Topics - How to Write Better Essays OnlineThere is numerous Beyonce Lemonade Essay Topics to choose from in case you're looking for questions and replies to be a piece of your story. Composing this kind of paper is a fun and simple approach to add to an online network. Numerous people partake in the discussions and become intrigued by how to compose all the more viably, and there are numerous tips and assets accessible to help you.Beyonce's exposition points can assist you with regular composing issues, for example, sentence structure, accentuation, and how to structure the article. The best thing about Beyonce Lemonade Essay Topics is that they are prepared to download as Word docs for usability. There are a few article prompts remembered for the program, and a wide range of sorts of paper themes can be picked. You can browse history, verse, correspondence, self-improvement, humor, kids' fiction, journal, writing, music, and some more. Regardless of what sort of subject you have as a top priority, Beyonce will assist you with communicating it.Beyonce is a full-specialist co-op of composed expositions for all subjects, extending from science and innovation to youngsters' books and then some. This is ideal for those searching for short, useful and engaging articles to post on Beyonce's site. You can work with a group of journalists to make your own one of a kind theme, or you can make your own by picking your own topic.Beyonce article points are designed for a wide range of subjects and will have a lot of material accessible to help you with your exposition. These articles contain explicit and recommended perusing and study guides for every theme. You'll discover a few regions for additional exploration and survey, and can choose from suggested perusing and study guides for each topic.When you're making your Beyonce article points, think about your own advantages and gifts. By turning into an individual from Beyonce's system, you will appr oach articles on subjects identified with your inclinations. You'll additionally approach tests of the most mainstream, compelling work that has been composed by different individuals from the community.When you have a thought for a theme, or just need to realize how to compose all the more successfully, Beyonce is the ideal spot to learn. Your application for participation can incorporate inquiries and answers for every one of the paper points accessible. Furthermore, you can present an assortment of subjects to the system and get an article from a board of judges. The adjudicators give input and proposals on your substance and research style and can assist you with figuring out which points to keep working on.Becoming an individual from Beyonce is an extraordinary spot to improve your composing aptitudes and communicate. Also, you'll approach test work by other people who have just presented their expositions to the system. Regardless of whether you're an accomplished essayist or a yearning author, you'll profit by this extraordinary assistance.

Sixth Grade Persuasive Essay Samples

<h1>Sixth Grade Persuasive Essay Samples</h1><p>Persuasive exposition tests have made some amazing progress since the innovation of the pen and paper. The oral specialty of convincing others to your perspective has become a fine art that requires skill, tolerance and time. In the event that you need to have an effect in this field, it is imperative to ace the craft of influence as it includes something other than waving an enchantment wand and causing individuals to do what you need them to.</p><p></p><p>These days, there are a great deal of assets accessible to assist understudies with their undertaking assignments, for example, sixth grade powerful paper tests. This is an incredible method to get your understudies' thoughts across with the goal that they can feel as if they have aced the aptitudes important to be effective in the enticing exposition form.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that understudies will see when t hey take a gander at the convincing article test they are given is that it can cover a wide range of sorts of points. This is on the grounds that composing articles is an expertise that is found out after some time. There are various procedures that can be utilized to persuade your peruser and the various pieces of the paper will be characterized by how viable your methodology is.</p><p></p><p>The subjects of the powerful article tests will ordinarily comprise of realities that understudies need to talk about. There will likewise be key focuses to the exposition that will be incorporated, however more significantly there will be a prologue to the creator. At the point when you give a case of something that is going on the planet today, it will be a significant piece of the essay.</p><p></p><p>One of the best parts about the convincing article tests is that they are brief and don't invest a great deal of energy in lighten. This permits the understudies to concentrate on the subtleties of the paper. In the event that you experience been experiencing issues thinking of extraordinary thoughts for papers, these sorts of exposition tests will assist you with discovering a few thoughts on your own.</p><p></p><p>Itis difficult to hear understudies to compose a point of view piece on whatever is disputable in the event that they don't feel like they will be upheld. This is the place the convincing exposition tests prove to be useful. They will show understudies how to utilize great words and constructive strategies to show individuals how they should feel, how they should feel about what they are doing, and how they should consider certain topics.</p><p></p><p>The other thing that is extraordinary about the enticing exposition tests is that they permit you to utilize various approaches to express what is on your mind. In the event that you don't imagine that your thought is exceptionally solid, at that point you can simply go with the time tested methodology. In any case, in the event that you need to make a solid contention that will have an effect, at that point you can experience the influential exposition tests that you get and change the way that you talk and the way that you fabricate your sentences.</p><p></p><p>The enticing paper tests are not by any means the only devices that you should prevail in the powerful article position. You will likewise need to ensure that you have a solid establishment to work with and that you are happy to follow the headings to the letter.</p>

Example of Research Paper Using Secondary Data - Overview

<h1>Example of Research Paper Using Secondary Data - Overview </h1> <h2>What You Must Know About Example of Research Paper Using Secondary Data </h2> <p>The consideration rules of the examination directed that the members be African American ladies and men, in any event 50 decades old, and English-talking. Dominant part of the respondents likewise have a yearly gross family unit pay that doesn't surpass P50,000. On certain examples, subjective information may likewise be the value, stature, age, weight, length, temperature notwithstanding much more. Information which is as of now gathered by someone, could be arranged, classified and has experienced a factual treatment. </p> <p>Primary information will be data that is assembled by an individual or organization for a specific reason. Optional information is information which is as of now gathered for a reason other than a current research venture that may likewise have an incentive for examine . Auxiliary information not just supplies you with broad data on a segment, an ebb and flow advertise, your rivals, your customers however it plays the specific reasonable capacity of putting your primary information examination into setting. Auxiliary information speaks to data accumulated by somebody and utilized by another person for a reason other than the one for which it was at first assembled. </p> <p>Published information have become the most solid auxiliary flexibly of data. The UK Census gives a bounty of optional information. </p> <p>Detailed data with respect to the basic pieces of the segment and their development possibilities are offered in the report. A careful division assessment of the Vacuum Cooler market was provided in the report. The exploration consolidates the results of a few meetings that were held looking like discussion in order to set up a high level of certainty between the specialist and the respondent. Auxiliary research can be done in half a month dependent on the target of organizations or size of data required. </p> <p>Hopefully you could exploit this representation of an examination paper! Much like the foundation part of your exposition, your procedure segment ought to be grounded in existing scholastic conclusion. There are numerous publically accessible wellbeing related electronic databases that might be utilized to manage various research themes. All through school you will be approached to compose look into papers. </p> <h2> The New Fuss About Example of Research Paper Using Secondary Data </h2> <p>The quantitative strategy centers around utilizing accurate insights or computational and numerical projects to arrive at an outcome about a particular issue that is being looked into about. Note-taking is a regular method of catching meeting information. Hostile to fake bundling is the methodology of making sure about and confirming items as an approach to limit forging or encroachment misbehaviors. What's more, it empowers distinguishing proof and assessment of significant contenders dependent on inside and out assessment of their abilities and achievements in the market. </p> <p>With the primary research, there's the investigation of the commonly unique research, furthermore, there are the examination and understanding in the key research. The key ends should rely upon the new knowledge provided by your examination discoveries. The procedure likewise must be solid and legitimate. Contemplating the irreversible spot of the system part of the examination paper, technique inquire about paper model must show the strategy by which the specialist is probably going to exhibit the theory or possibly to choose the issue of the examination. </p> <p>Explain how the discoveries helped you in responding to the exploration question and the way that it has been demonstrated to be extraordinary for your examination. It's insufficient to just group the examination results achieved by others. Quantitative and subjective research aren't an either or'' they are very corresponding. The discoveries of the exploration attempted should be introduced in an exceptionally clear and unambiguous strategy. </p> <p>There are two significant research types and three significant sorts of research examination. There are a few sorts of research question that compare to various types of research. The strategies you select need to have a reasonable connection to the absolute research approach and you should illuminate the clarifications for picking the exploration methods in your examination, and the manner in which they help you towards understanding your investigation's motivation. You may likewise need to do a little examination into investigate strategies it sounds excess, yet it will enable you to recognize what kind of research you're doing, and what types will be smarter to achieve the most firm outcomes from your endeavor. </p> <p>Company information especially might be viewed as monetarily touchy, and it might be hard to procure access to organization files, which may be spared in different divisions or on the association intranet, to which access might be troublesome. W eb advancing exploration is the technique of scanning the internet for the expectation of social affair data about your claim to fame showcase portions, so you may additionally break down it to investigate new open doors in the business. Essentially, when you are looking for information explore arrangements, you will discover two choices before you. Subsequently, before you pick an information investigate support, it's imperative to get a handle on the bore of the administrations they accommodate the purchasers. </p>

What is the Origin of the Oxford English Dictionarys English Version of the Nanjing Regents Essay Sample Westward Expansion?

<h1>What is the Origin of the Oxford English Dictionary's English Version of the Nanjing Regents Essay Sample Westward Expansion?</h1><p>The Nanjing Regents exposition test Westward extension - indicating the fall of the Han in China - shows that the administrations are connected with one another. How did the Han domain disintegrate after in excess of 2,000 years? What was the importance of the Han success in the movement of people groups toward the east?</p><p></p><p>This exposition test features two thoughts: China's political foundation was liable for the fall of the Han line's extraordinary force rivals were known to attack the nation. It likewise presents a few bits of knowledge into the land idea of the Han power progress in the late supreme period. The subsequent thought develops as Han rulers changed the Han state into another supreme tradition and set up new domains in the east, as the Han magnificent capital moved from the south tow ard the north, while the Chinese focal locale expected an extended structure. The paper is associated with the change from a previous phase of improvement, which included the Chinese individuals continuously converging with roaming herders to turn into a class society on their own.</p><p></p><p>The article test Westward extension talks about how the Han had to move westwards against the Eurasian steppe, so as to shield themselves from Mongol assaults. Nonetheless, the entry from the focal and northern pieces of the nation toward the west was not smooth. Truth be told, the walk towards the west was unfathomably uneven. This makes the time of sluggish development over the locale especially fascinating, on the grounds that it discloses to us something about the division of the Asian landmass between early present day China and later current China.</p><p></p><p>The article test Westward extension shows how the progress from migrant and sem i-roaming pastoralists to inactive cultivating social orders changed the segment structure of the Han state. It likewise proposes how, after the fall of the Han domain, when the itinerant culture had vanished, there was a need to sort out the progressions into a stationary cultivating economy.</p><p></p><p>The exposition closes with a conversation of how the enormous movement of migrant herders into China influenced the number of inhabitants in the huge gathering of individuals on the eastern side of the Great Wall. The examination demonstrates that the migrant trespassers had carried different sicknesses with them to the capital, and that some Chinese had created protection from these ailments. This implies, notwithstanding the migrants' appearance on the scene, an enduring decrease in Han life was unavoidable, in light of the fact that the wanderers were gradually transforming the Chinese into a semi-inactive horticultural people.</p><p></p&g t;<p>It is critical to take note of that the paper test Westward extension - which was first distributed in 2020 - depended on a unique draft of the article, which included the vast majority of the material referenced previously. The significant increments have been featured in the updated adaptation, as I have attempted to understand the first content. There are a few references to a commentary, which clarifies this.</p><p></p><p>The reexamined article test Westward extension was composed before the paper was distributed in the Oxford English Dictionary, on account of contrasts in how the word reference treats some watchwords. In my own exploration, I found that the Chinese have since a long time ago taken the word 'Han' to signify 'individuals of the extraordinary force', while the Oxford English Dictionary has would in general utilize the term 'Han' just to signify 'individuals of the Han line'. In this manner, when the editors of the Oxford English Dictionary changed the sentence structure, it has really worked out to be actually what I had initially written.</p><p></p><p>You can discover progressively about this in my new book East of the Han: Late Han China, Han Korea and the Making of Modern China, distributed by Cambridge University Press in 2020. In the event that you need to discover increasingly about the expositions in this book, you can do as such by visiting my website.</p>

Rumored Hype on Math Essay Topics Middle School Discovered

<h1> Rumored Hype on Math Essay Topics Middle School Discovered </h1> <h2>Up in Arms About Math Essay Topics Middle School? </h2> <p>The job of doling out an article to center school understudies is to make mindfulness and license them to create composing aptitudes. In the event that you believe you require help with your composed assignments it is desirable over request master help from internet composing administration. One of the most run of the mill sorts of examination that school and higher school understudies perform. School tests aren't successful. </p> <p>Understanding how to create a solid contentious paper will assist you with propelling your own one of a kind factious reasoning. It is imperative in any case showing the most significant thought of the whole piece so you and your perusers will be on precisely the same page. Never accept the peruser recognizes what you're talking about with respect to math. Your perusers need to see the whole picture, and that is the thing that you should focus on. </p> <h2> The Do's and Don'ts of Math Essay Topics Middle School </h2> <p>When it has to do with composing a factious article, the most noteworthy issue to do is to choose a point and a contention you may truly get behind. A determination is, undoubtedly, the primary bit of the contentious paper as conceivable either bolster the incredible impression or pulverize it altogether. It assumes a crucial job as in it ties up the whole paper. </p> <p>There are a few stages which you should take in order to compose an extraordinary paper. Another smart thought is to get some completely free exposition instances of various sorts and on different subjects to locate a general thought of the manner by which a prosperous far from being obviously true paper looks. A confided recorded as a hard copy administrations business can help you with all that. The absolute first thing you should do is pick a subject for your exposition. </p> <p>People popular of contextual investigation research should hurry to have a great time our help. In the event that you're searching for help with your article, at that point we give a thorough composing administration given by completely qualified scholastics in your general vicinity of study. With the help of our tips for composing and our intriguing assortment of subjects, you're ensured to have a high evaluation! Another explanation is to see how well understudies contend on one of a kind perspectives and exhibit comprehension of the examined subject.</p> <h2> The Secret to Math Essay Topics Middle School</h2> <p>Remember that you could cause interesting factious articles in the event that you to do a couple of things. It was not viscious like it's today, however. There are loads of things you wish to live, numerous things you feel, and you essentially don't have a clue whether some of the circumstances you do are alright or not. Probably the best technique to alter anyone's perspective is with an enthusiastic venture. </p> <p>Getting in a situation to form a solid contention will permit you to prevail in the public eye. There are only a couple of things that characterize whether an exposition you're chipping away at will be a decent one. On the off chance that it's important to create your entire paper in 1 day, do your absolute best to give yourself breaks so you don't wear out. </p> <p>Examine the rundown to pick the theme which can assist you with making an innovative article for your center school class. You will be alloted a subject, or your teacher will empower you to choose your own. In case you're in a school and need to form a factious paper, you should pick a subject of high significance. Anyway, the deficiency of appropriate punctuation makes the audience members drop regard to the speaker. </p> <h2>Things You Won't Like About Math Essay Topics Middle School and Things You Will </h2> <p>You should participate in sweeping exploring to cover all pieces of this issue and all purpose of perspectives by various people. For instance, suppose you select the absolute first point from our rundown. At the point when you are mentioned to choose an extraordinary theme for your contention, start with something you're acclimated with. </p> <p>To pick which subject you're probably going to talk about, it's basic to see the total assortment of good enticing discourse points from the extraordinary region of study. There are a wide range of contention subjects that are regularly expounded on to where you become weary of perusing precisely the same substance and over once more. On the off chance that you have the opportunity to pick, start with picking a subject that is appropriate for inside the organization you've been given. The educators don't generally allocate the particular theme. </p> <p>An factious article expects you to pick a subject and have a situation on it. At the point when you pick a subject, you need to answer to the question and prove your reaction with at least three inspirations concerning why you think that way. There are a couple of extraordinary points to consider while choosing subject for your factious paper. </p> <p>Children ought to need to understand more. Children should have the option to cast a ballot. School ought to occur in the nights. All year school is certainly not a smart thought. </p>

Tips for Using Blooms Taxonomy in Your Classroom

Though a students complaint that a question is too hard might be more a matter of effort than ability, it is true that some questions are just harder than others. The difficulty of a question or assignment comes down to the level of critical thinking it requires. Simple skills such as identifying a state capital are quick and easy to assess, while complex skills such as the construction of a hypothesis are more difficult to quantify. Blooms taxonomy can be used to make the process of categorizing questions by difficulty easier and more straightforward. Blooms Taxonomy Blooms taxonomy is a long-standing cognitive framework that categorizes critical reasoning in order to help educators set more well-defined learning goals. Benjamin Bloom, an American educational psychologist, developed this pyramid to define levels of critical thinking required by a task. Since its inception in the 1950s and revision in 2001, Blooms Taxonomy has given teachers a common vocabulary for naming specific skills required for proficiency. There are six levels in the taxonomy that each represent distinct levels of abstraction. The bottom level includes the most basic cognition and the highest level includes the most intellectual and complicated thinking. The idea behind this theory is that students cannot be successful in applying higher-order thinking to a topic until they have first mastered a ladder of rudimentary tasks. The goal of education is to create thinkers and doers. Blooms taxonomy gives a path to follow from the beginning of a concept or skill to its end, or to the point where students can think creatively about a topic and solve problems for themselves. Learn to incorporate all levels of the framework into your teaching and lesson plans in order to scaffold the learning that your students are doing. Remembering In the remembering level of the taxonomy, which used to be known as the knowledge level, questions are used solely to assess whether a student remembers what they have learned. This is the bottom level of the taxonomy because the work that students are doing when remembering is the simplest. Remembering commonly presents in the form of fill-in-the-blank, true or false, or multiple-choice style questions. These can be used to determine whether students have memorized important dates for a particular time period, can recall the main ideas of a lesson, or can define terms. Understanding The understanding level of Blooms Taxonomy moves students slightly beyond fact recall into understanding the information presented. This used to be known as comprehension. Within understanding, students encounter questions and tasks where they interpret facts rather than state them. Instead of naming cloud types, for example, students demonstrate understanding by explaining how each type of cloud is formed. Applying Application questions ask students to apply or use the knowledge or skills that they have acquired. They might be asked to use information that they have been given to create a viable solution to a problem. For example, a student might be asked to solve a mock Supreme Court case using the Constitution and its amendments to determine what is constitutional. Analyzing In the analyzing level of this taxonomy, students demonstrate whether they can identify patterns to solve problems. They differentiate between subjective and objective information in order to analyze and come to conclusions using their best judgment. An English teacher wanting to assess student analyzing skills might ask what the motives were behind a protagonists actions in a novel. This requires students to analyze the traits of that character and come to a conclusion based on a combination of this analysis and their own reasoning. Evaluating When evaluating, a level previously known as synthesis, students use given facts to create new theories or make predictions. This requires them to apply skills and concepts from multiple subjects at once and synthesize this information before coming to a conclusion. If, for example, a student is asked to use data sets of ocean level and climate trends to predict ocean levels in five years, this type of reasoning is considered evaluating. Creating The highest tier of Blooms taxonomy is called creating, previously known as evaluation. Students demonstrating their ability to create must know how to make judgments, ask questions, and invent something new. Questions and tasks within this category might require students to assess author bias or even the validity of a law by analyzing information presented and forming opinions, which they must always be able to justify with evidence. Often, creating tasks ask students to identify problems and invent solutions for them (a new process, an item, etc.). Implementing Blooms Taxonomy There are many reasons for a teacher to Blooms taxonomy close at hand, but of paramount importance is its application when designing instruction. This hierarchical framework makes clear the type of thinking and doing that students should be capable of in order to achieve a learning target. To use Blooms taxonomy, set learning goals for a lesson or unit by first fitting student work into each level. These levels can be used to decide what types of thinking and reasoning you want students to be doing at the introduction of a lesson and what types of thinking and reasoning students must be able to do upon a lessons conclusion. This system will help you include every level of critical thinking necessary for total comprehension without skipping any critical levels of development. Keep the intended objective of each level in mind as you plan questions and tasks. How to Design Tasks and Questions When designing questions and tasks, consider: Are students ready to think for themselves about this yet? If the answer is yes, they are ready to analyze, evaluate, and create. If not, have them do more remembering, understanding, and applying. Always take advantage of opportunities to make student work more meaningful. Bring personal experiences and authentic purpose into the questions that students are answering and tasks that they are doing. For instance, have them remember the names of important figures from local history or create solutions to problems that the students in their school face. As always,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹rubrics are important tools for ensuring fair and accurate grading across the board. Keywords to Use Use these keywords and phrases to design effective questions for every level. Bloom's Taxonomy Key Words Level Keywords Remembering who, what, why, when, where, which, choose, find, how, define, label, show, spell, list, match, name, relate, tell, recall, select Understanding demonstrate, interpret, explain, extend, illustrate, infer, outline, relate, rephrase, translate, summarize, show, classify Applying apply, build, choose, construct, develop, interview, make use of, organize, experiment with, plan, select, solve, utilize, model Analyzing analyze, categorize, classify, compare/contrast, discover, dissect, examine, inspect, simplify, survey, distinguish, relationships, function, motive, inference, assumption, conclusion Evaluating build, combine, compose, construct, create, design, develop, estimate, formulate, plan, predict, propose, solve/solution, modify, improve, adapt, minimize/maximize, theorize, elaborate, test Creating choose, conclude, critique, decide, defend, determine, dispute, evaluate, judge, justify, measure, rate, recommend, select, agree, appraise, opinion, interpret, prove/disprove, assess, influence, deduct Key words to include in questions for each level of thinking Help your students become critical thinkers by using Blooms taxonomy. Teaching students to remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create will benefit them for the rest of their lives. Source Armstrong, Patricia. â€Å"Blooms Taxonomy.†Ã‚  Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University, 13 Aug. 2018.Bloom, Benjamin Samuel.  Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: David McKay, 1956.

The Newly Leaked Secrets to Social Movement Essay Topics Uncovered

<h1>The Newly Leaked Secrets to Social Movement Essay Topics Uncovered </h1> <h2>A Secret Weapon for Social Movement Essay Topics </h2> <p>Its individuals are anxious to step past the customary channels to achieve their objectives. The troubles of characterizing new social developments show up on account of how no 2 developments or convictions are only the equivalent. Kids might be utilized in three unmistakable types of social development. With this new sort of association additionally came another kind of aggregate voice and as this development in innovation there's been the introduction of web based life social developments. </p> <p>There's one more thing which can be taking everything into account. The second thing you should deal with once you pick the title is to keep up as a main priority five sorts of contention claims. The why is to make the world like it tends to be. 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How Have You Prepared For College Essay?

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How to Find a College Research Paper For Sale

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Lifespan Development And Communication Development

Lifespan development and communication – 555101 Individual development narrative Rajbir Kaur 02/05/16 (1877) Introduction One way of looking at human development is through domains of development and how they interrelate. Sigleman and Rider (2003) define development as the systematic changes and continuities that occur between conception and death in an individual. One approach to examining human development is through an individual narrative by integrating theories of development. In this paper, the aim is to discuss the processes of and influences on my personal development from conception through to 18 years of age. Knowledge will be demonstrated relating to domains of development (physical, social, cognitive and emotional) and how they interrelate. These domains will be explained throughout 5 stages of development: perinatal, infancy, early childhood, school children and adolescence. Personal experiences will be linked to theories that have been formed by human development theorists. The analysis of my personal experiences will show how I have developed from the time I was conceived up until 18 year s of existence. It will also include descriptions of my family, friends and how the environment and people outside my home have influenced the way I have developed. Perinatal period Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system theory of human development clarifies that everything in a child’s environment influences the way the child grows and developsShow MoreRelatedLifespan Development And Communication Development Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pages Paper: 555101 Lifespan Development and Communications Assessment 3: Individual Development Narrative (IDN) Hoori Wilcox Student ID: 14861456 This assignment identifies and discusses the relevant theory and theorists and discusses the influences possible on lifespan development from the time of conception to 20 years of age. 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Young People and Trade Union Membership

Questions: Part 1 Case Analysis Read the case of Medivance Instruments Ltd v Gaslane Pipework Services Ltd and another [2002] All ER (D) 111 (Apr) and using this case only answer the questions below. 1. What judges heard this case in the Court of Appeal? 2. Who was the appellant and who were the two respondents in the Court of Appeal? 3. What is the difference between the test of merchantable quality in s.14(2) Sale of Goods Act and the test of fitness for purpose in s.14(3) 4. Did s.14 of the Sale of Goods Act apply to Vulcana? Give reasons for your answer. 5. Why did Neuberger J limit the appeal to the issues around s.14 and the tortious equivalent? 6. According to the appellant, why was the heater not of merchantable quality and/or fit for purpose? 7. What effect would it have on business if a claim under s.14 was won every time it was shown that the product in question could have been made safer? 8. Did the judges believe that a different heater should have been supplied to the appellant? Give reasons for your answer. 9. Why did Neuberger J rely on the case of Wright v Dunlop (1973) 7 KIR 255? 10. According to Mr Brown, why might it be dangerous to always allow a seller to avoid liability through warning the buyer of the defect? 11. Why did Neuberger J refer to the cases of Holmes v Ashford and Hodge Sons v Anglo American Oil Co.? 12. Which of the following were material facts in the case? a. If the appellant had known that there were heaters with thermostat devices included, he would have bought one. b. The appellant had told the respondents that the heater would be used in a packing area. c. There were a mixture of heaters on the market including those that contained a thermostat and those that did not. d. Vulcana's brochure described the heater as having an "overheat switch [which is] fail safe on overheating" and "Full safety protection provided electronically". e. The heater complied with the British Standard and had been certified by British Gas. f. The instructions for the heater contained a clear warning that it should be left unobstructed. This warning was brought to the attention of the appellant. 13. Which of the following was the ratio decidendi of the case? If you think a statement is part of the ratio decidendi explain why. If you think a statement is not part of the ratio decidendi explain why. a. It would be inappropriate for a court to impose, through the medium of tort or of implied contractual terms, any obligation on a seller which involves a higher duty than that which the parties have expressly imposed in their contract, or which the legislature has imposed through section 14. b. The heater was of merchantable quality and fit for the purpose for which it was supplied. c. Where a commercial buyer has previous experience buying a similar product and is aware of the risks in using that product, then the product is likely to be fit for purpose under section 14. d. If it can be shown that a desirable improvement to the article was common practice, easy and cheap to achieve, and had obvious benefits, then a buyer's prospect of establishing lack of merchantable quality or of suitability for purpose obviously would be enhanced. e. The fire was caused by a blockage on the front grill of the heater which resulted in the temperature rising to such a level that the containers ignited. 14. Mr Matthews owns a shoe shop. The shoe shop has a shop floor and a small, narrow, stock room which contains hundreds of cardboard boxes. The cardboard boxes contain shoes. Mr Matthews wished to purchase a heater for the stock room to use during winter so that his two stock room staff would be kept warm. Mr Matthews asked JTL, a heating company, to visit the store room and recommend a heater to purchase. The JTL representative recommended their standard heater which did not include a safety guard or thermostat. JTL installed the heater and explained to Mr Matthews that nothing should be placed within a metre radius of the heater. Mr Matthews signed a document confirming that he understood this. A few weeks later, Mr Matthews left an empty cardboard shoe box directly in front of the heater and within an hour the stockroom had caught fire. Mr Matthews is now claiming that the heater was not of merchantable quality and not fit for purpose. He had never purchased a heater before and h ad trusted JTL. JTL believes that the heater conformed to British Safety Standards and they adequately warned Mr Matthews not to put anything within a metre radius of the heater. Using only the case of Medivance Instruments Ltd v Gaslane Pipework Services Ltd and another, advise JTL on these claims. Part 2 Statute Analysis Read the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (the Act) and using this statute only answer the following questions. 1. What is the short title of the Act? 2. What is the long title of the Act? 3. On what date did the Act come into force? 4. What linguistic presumption would the courts use to determine whether something is included in s.137(5)? Give reasons for your answer. 5. How would courts determine what advertisement means in s.137(3)? 6. Sophie is looking for a job as a teacher. She has recently applied for a teaching position at Hansroad Secondary School. The Head Teacher of this school is a strong believer in supporting a national teaching trade union called Teach Excel Union. This union helps to compile a short-list for interviews held at the school. The union is aware that Sophie is not a member of any trade union and refuses to offer her an interview for this position. Advise Sophie. 7. Marlon is a builder. He attended an interview to become a full-time builder at a construction company called Zeon Limited. In the interview the manager, Henry, asked Marlon whether he was a member of any builders trade unions. Marlon replied that he was not a member. Henry told Marlon that he would be offered the job if he did not become a member of a trade union. Marlon felt uncomfortable with this request and explained that he could not guarantee that he would never become a trade union member. Henry refused to offer the job to Marlon. Marlon experienced severe stress and anxiety after this refusal and he was unable to work for one month. Advise Marlon. 8. IT World Ltd is an IT retailer that sells computers. Most staff members are members of an IT trade union. IT World Ltd started a redundancy process and proposes to dismiss 150 employees. IT World Ltd started consulting 35 days before it dismissed an employee for redundancy reasons. As part of the consultation, IT World Ltd consulted with senior staff members. One of these senior staff members is a trade union representative. There are five trade union representatives in total at IT World Ltd. IT World Ltd orally told the senior staff members how many people would be made redundant and the reasons for the redundancy. They also asked some other staff members how IT World Ltd could reduce the number of employees to be dismissed. However, when one staff member made a suggestion, IT World Ltd refused to listen. Advise IT World Ltd on their liability under the Act. 9. A catering company has suggested that they need to dismiss 25 employees. Under what rule of statutory interpretation would the company be required to start a consultation under s.188(1) and why? 10. Marketing Solutions accountant, Simon, is a member of an independent trade union which is recognised by Marketing Solutions. Simon has requested time off to represent the union at a trade union conference. Marketing Solutions has told Simon that as it is near the end of the financial year, they need him to work. They have denied Simons request to attend the conference. Advise Simon. Answers: Part-1 Case Analysis 1 This case was heard in an appeal by Lord Justice Thorpe, Lord Justice Mance and Mr. Justice Neuberger. 2 In the given case, Medivance Instruments Ltd was the appellant and Gaslane Pipework Services Limited along with Vulcana Gas Appliances Limited were the two respondents. 3 The following may be stated to be the differences between the test of merchantable quality and the test of fitness for purpose; Goods or services are deemed to be of merchantable quality when they are fit to be used for the purpose or purposes for which they are offered for sale and are brought. Whereas, a product or service is deemed to be fit for purpose the consumers are capable of using the said product or services for the purpose for which they have been designed. For example, a cameraman may use a piece of iron as a chisel by flattening one of its ends. Even though this product does not fit the definition of merchantable quality it is fit for purpose as the cameraman is being able to use it in place of the chisel. 4 Section 14 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1979 is very much applicable to Vulcana Gas Applications Limited. The provisions of section 14 would be applicable if the parties have a relationship of buyer and seller and there is a contract between the parties. In this case, the relationship between Vulcana and the appellant is not that of buyer and seller. The appellant has imposed tortuous liability against Vulcana. In spite of the above-stated fact, the provisions of Section 14 are applicable to Vulcana because the tortuous claim is based on the contractual relationship that exists between Gaslane Pipeworks Limited and the appellant. If the impugned heater is found to be lacking merchantable quality or it appears to be not fit for purpose, then Vulcana would be held liable for negligence because the said heater has been manufactured as well as supplied by Vulcana. 5 The issues in the given case have been restricted to Section 14 of the Act and its tortuous equivalent by Neuberger J. on the basis of the submission of Mr. Geofrey Brown, on behalf of the appellant. He stated that if the case of the appellant does not fall within the provisions of Section 14 of the Act, then the other claims of the appellant would not be able to survive. Thus, if the respondents can prove that their actions do not attract the provisions of Section 14 of the Act, then they will not be held liable. 6 The appellant claimed that the impugned heater was neither fit for purpose nor of merchantable quality. The basis of such claim of the appellant is based on the fact that the heater was not well equipped with safeguards in case of overheating. The appellant has also described that ways by the adoption of which the said heater could have been made safer. The appellant stated that if a thermostat device would have been installed in the heater then the device could have shut down in the event of overheating or if a guard was installed it would have protected against overheating. In the absence of these safeguards, the appellant considered the heater to be lacking in merchantable quality and not being fit for purpose. 7 In the instant case, the judges were not satisfied with the argument put forward by the appellants that the impugned heater could have been made safer by adopting the ways suggested. The judges stated that in case a claim under Section 14 of the Act would have succeeded every time the claimant could show that the product in question could have been made safer then it would be impossible to conduct business in the normal course. The manufacturers and suppliers in such a case would be imposed with unreasonable burned as per the judges. 8 The judges did not feel that the appellants should have been provided with a different heater. As per the judges, the degree of risk associated did not require for the supply of any other heater to the appellants. 9 The decision in the case of Wright v. Dunlop was relied on by Neuberger J. to establish the fact that when the supplier issues warning then in case of breach of duty the supplier's liability would be reduced. In Wright v. Dunlop, the employees contracted cancer as a consequence of working with a certain drug. The court held that, if the company would have issued warning regarding the risk associated then in liability of the employer for the breach would have been reduced considerably. But Neuberger J. was not agreeable with the decision. 10 Mr. Brown states that if, by way of providing warning, a seller may always escape liability then the seller, in each and every case, would acquire the right to define the scope of his/ her liability. This would make it easier for the seller to escape liability in case of breach of duty. 11 In order to illustrate the importance of providing warning of the associated risk by the seller to the buyer, Neuberger J. has referred to the cases of Holmes v. Ashford and Hodge Sons v. Anglo-American Oil Co. However, Neuberger J. cautioned that a seller would not be able to escape liability for breach only by providing warning. 12 The material facts of the given case are the following; The facts stated under points (d), (e) and (f) are material facts of the instant case. 13 Ratio decidendi of a case is the principle of law established in a case which would be applicable to future cases based on similar facts. The impugned statement may be said to be the ratio of this case. It establishes the legal principle that sellers cannot be subjected to such obligations that have not been laid down in the statutes and the parties have not stated in their contract. The impugned statement is only a fact of the case and is not the ratio as it does not lay down any legal principle for future observance by courts while making decisions in cases with similar facts. The impugned statement is a ratio of the instant case. It lays down that in case a buyer has prior experience of buying similar product or is well aware of the associated risks then the said product would be deemed to be fit for purpose within the meaning of Section 14 of the Act. The impugned statement is a ratio. This statement provides the circumstances under which a buyer can prove that a product or service lacks merchantable quality or is not fit for purpose. The impugned statement is a fact of the case in hand. 14 Facts Mr., Mathew, the owner of a shoe store that has a narrow stock room purchased a heater for the stock room. The heater was purchased from JTL. JTL warned Mr. Mathew that the heater should be placed in such a way that at least an area of a meter is kept clear around the radius of the heater. A thermostat device was not installed in the heater. In the stock room, cardboard boxes were kept in direct contact with the heater. The heater caused the fire that effected the entire stock room. Issues Whether the heater satisfies the criterion of fitness for purpose and merchantable quality as laid down under Section 14 of the Act. Rules This case would be decided on the basis of the principles laid down in the case of Medivance Instruments Ltd. v. Gaslane Pipeworks Services Ltd and another. In this case, the court has provided a four-step test to determine the fitness for purpose and merchantable quality of the goods and services. The steps may be summarized as follows; The heater must comply with the relevant British Standards. The claimant ought to have warned the defendant regarding the risk associated with the use of the heater. Usage by the claimant of similar heaters in past would ascertain the fact that the claimants were aware of the steps to be taken to mitigate the associated risk. In case expert evidence proves that the product in question is fit for purpose and is of merchantable quality and experts certify the contrary as well then the courts would go by the evidence in favor of merchantability and fitness for purpose. Application: Now, we would apply the above-stated tests to the impugned case. JTL must prove that the heater in question conforms to the standard laid down by the relevant British standard. JTL had warned Mr. Mathew regarding the risk associated and also stated the steps required to be taken to avoid the risk. Mr. Mathew had never used a similar heater in the past had no way of knowing the precautions to be adhered to. JTL had proved to the court by way of expert evidence that the heater is fit for purpose and is of merchantable quality. Conclusion JTL has a chance of succeeding the case brought by Mr. Mathew only if he can prove that the heater conforms to the relevant British standards because all the other requirements have already been met. Part-2- Statute Analysis 1 Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act, 1992 is the short title of the Act. By the term, short title, we mean the name by which legislation is known. 2 An Act to consolidate the enactments relating to collective labour relations inclusive of industrial action, employer's association and industrial relations. 3 The Trade Union and Labour Relations Consolidation Act, 1992 came into force on 16th of July 1992. 4 Expresio unius est exclusion alterius' is the linguistic presumption that the courts would use for determining if something g is included within the meaning of section 137(5) of the Act. There are three linguistic presumptions that the courts use for the interpretation of statutes. This is a Latin expression which means that when one thing is expressly mentioned, it means the exclusion of all other things that have not been mentioned. When the legislation clearly provides an exhaustive list, then the courts must not interpret words as being covered by the terms of the provision that have not been expressly included. If a statute specifically refers to lions and tigers only, then they courts must not presume that cheetahs are also covered by such reference. 5 Under section 143 of the Act, interpretational provisions have been laid down. The courts would look into the provisions of Section 143(1) so as to determine the meaning of advertisement as provided under Sections 137-143 of the Act. 6 Facts Sophie who inspires to become a teacher had applied for a teaching position at Hansroad Secondary School. The head teacher of the instant school supports the Teach Excel Union which used to prepare short-list for interviews for the school. The Union, being aware that Sophie is not a member of any union, decides to cancel her candidature. Issue In the above stated factual situation, what legal remedies are available to Sophie? Rules Section 137(1) of the Act lays down that in case, an individual is denied an opportunity of employment only because he/ she is not a member of any trade union or that he/ she refuses to become a member of any such union then such action of denial would be considered to unlawful. Section 137(2) lays down the remedies available to an individual who has been denied an opportunity of employment on the aforementioned grounds. Such an individual is entitled to register a complaint against the said organization with an employment tribunal. Section 137(5) lays down that an individual would be deemed to have been denied an opportunity for employment if the application of such an individual has not been processed intentionally. Section 140 of the Act provides the remedies that the courts would grant to an individual in such a situation. The court might require the respondent to mitigate the adverse effect complained of or may also require the respondent to pay compensation to the complainant. Application: The above stated legal principles would be applied to the facts of the given case. In the instant case, the job application of Sophie was not proceeded with only because she was not a member of any trade union. Sophie is thus, entitled to register a complaint with an employment tribunal against the school Authorities and Teach Excel Trade Union. The court would provide her the remedies laid down under Section 140 of the Act. Conclusion: Sophie is entitled to bring an action against the school authorities and the trade union. The court would grant her the remedies specified under Section 140 of the Act. 7 Facts Marlon, who is a builder, in order to become a full-time builder, appeared for an interview at Zeon Limited, a construction company. At the interview, Marlon was asked if he is a member of any trade union. The manager put a condition before Marlon that he would be offered the job only if he agreed to never become the member of any trade union. Marlon did not accept the offer and his candidature for the position was refused. As a con sequence, Marlon underwent stress and anxiety and could not work for a month. Issue What remedies are available to Marlon in the above factual situation? Rules Section 137 prohibits the denial of employment opportunity to an individual only because he/ she denies to accept a condition that he/ she would never ever become a member of any trade union. Such an individual who has been denied an opportunity owing to this reason may file a complaint with an employment tribunal. The remedies that the courts may grant to the innocent party in such a case have been laid down under Section 140 of the Act. The court may either require such an individual to mitigate the adverse effect within a specified time period or pay compensation to the innocent party. If the complainant has suffered damage due to the actions of the respondent, the court would take into consideration the said fact while granting compensation to the innocent party. Application: Applying the above stated legal principles to the given case, we may state that the provisions of Section 137 are applicable to this case. Marlon was denied employment with Zeon Limited only because he refused to accept the condition that he would never ever become a member of any trade union. Marlon is entitled to file a complaint with an employment tribunal against Zeon Limited. The fact that Marlon suffered stress and anxiety and also could not work for a month as a result of the refusal would be taken into consideration by the court while granting compensation to Marlon. 8 Facts: IT World Ltd. is into the business of selling computers. Majority of the employees are members of an IT Trade Union. As a result of a redundancy process the company decided to make 150 employees redundant. It started the consultation process thirty five days before dismissing an employee. It consulted with senior members of the staff and one of them was a representative of the trade union. The company discussed about the redundancy process orally. Issue What is the liability of IT World Ltd under the given factual framework? Rules: Section 188 of the Act contains provisions with respect to the duty of an employer to consult with the trade union representatives in case the company decides on redundancy. If an employer plans to dismiss more than 20 employees within the duration of 90 days or less then it is mandatory for such employer to undergo such consultation. If an employer intends to dismiss more than 100 employees then the said employer must begin the process of consultation at least forty five days before making the first employee redundant. The consultation must be in respect to ways of reducing the number of employees to be dismissed, the process of redundancy etc. The reason for which the employer is dismissing the employees must be disclosed by the employer in writing. Application: Applying the above legal principles to the given facts, it can be said that IT World Ltd. has committed violation of the provisions of Section 188 of the Act. The company had made a decision of making one fifty employees redundant; consultation process should have begun at least forty days before maki8ng the first employee redundant. However, the company started the process of consultation only thirty-five days before making the first employee redundant. The employer also did not provide the reasons for redundancy in writing. Conclusion: Thus, we may arrive at the conclusion that the company has violated the provisions of the Act. 9 Consultation with the representatives of the trade union as laid down under Section 188(1) of the Act by interpreting the provisions of the Section literally. By literal interpretation, we mean interpreting the provisions of the Section in the manner it has been laid down in the statute. 10 Facts: Simon, accountant with Marketing Solutions is a member of a Trade Union recognized by Marketing Solutions. Simon requests for time off in order to represent the Union at a conference. The company refused to grant the time off on the ground that it was the end of the year and they required him to work. Issue: Whether the company has violated the provisions of the Act by disallowing Simon the leave? Rules: In this connection the provisions of Section 170 of the Act is relevant which deals with granting of time off to representatives of the union for activities concerning the trade union. The section makes it compulsory for the employers to grant time off to the representatives of the trade union during the working hours of the organization for doing work concerning the trade union. However, this is subjected to the condition that the occasion and purpose for which time off is granted is reasonable enough. Application: Applying the above-stated legal principles to the case in hand we may say that the reason owing to which the company denied time off to Simon seems reasonable enough. Conclusion We may conclude our discussion by stating that Marketing Solutions has not violated any provision of the Act by not allowing Simon the time off, he requested for. References Cregan, C., C. Rudd and S. 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